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Pheromone traps can detect the birth of pests or alert foresters to outbreaks. For example, the spruce budworm, a destructive pest of spruce and balsam fir, has been monitored using pheromone traps in Canadian woods for several decades.22 In some regions, such as New Brunswick, areas of woods are sprayed with pesticide to control the budworm population and prevent the damage caused during outbreaks.23.

Many unwelcome animals visit or create their home in residential buildings, industrial sites and urban places. Some contaminate foodstuffs, harm structural timbers, chew through cloths or infest kept dry goods. Some inflict great economic loss, others take diseases or cause fire dangers, and a few are just a nuisance. Control of these pests has been attempted by improving sanitation and garbage control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.24.

Physical pest control involves trapping or killing pests such as insects and rodents. Historically, local folks or paid rat-catchers captured and killed rodents using dogs and traps.25 On a domestic scale, sticky flypapers are utilized to trap flies. In larger buildings, insects might be trapped using these means as pheromones, synthetic volatile chemicals or ultraviolet light to attract the insects; some have a sticky base or an electrically charged grid to kill them.

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Rodents can be murdered by suitably baited spring traps and can be caught in cage traps for relocation. Talcum powder or"tracking powder" can be employed to establish routes employed by rodents inside buildings and acoustic apparatus can be used for detecting beetles in structural timbers.24.

Historically, firearms have been one of the primary methods used for pest control. "Garden Guns" are smooth bore shotguns specially designed to fire .22 caliber snake shot or 9mm Flobert, and are commonly used by gardeners and farmers for snakes, rodents, birds, and other insect. Garden Guns are short range weapons which can do little damage beyond 15 to 20 yards, and they are relatively silent when fired with snake shot, compared to some standard ammunition.

They are Visit Website also used for pest control at airports, warehouses, stockyards, etc.26.

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The most common shooter cartridge is .22 Long Rifle loaded with #12 shot. In a distance of about ten ft (3 m), which is about the most effective range, the pattern is about 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter from a standard rifle. Special smoothbore shotguns, such as the Marlin Model 25MG can produce effective patterns from 15 or 20 yards using.22 WMR shotshells, which maintain 1/8 ounce.

Poisoned bait is a common way of controlling rats, mice, birds, slugs, snails, ants, cockroaches and other insects. The basic granules, or other formulation, contains a food attractant for the target species and a suitable poison. For ants, a slow-acting toxin is needed so the workers have enough time to take the substance back to the colony, and for flies, a quick-acting substance to prevent further egg-laying and nuisance.27 Baits for both slugs and snails often contain the molluscide metaldehyde, dangerous to children and family pets.28.

Warfarin has traditionally been used to kill rodents, but many populations have developed resistance for the anticoagulant, and difenacoum is often substituted.29 All these are cumulative poisons, requiring bait stations to be topped up frequently.27 Poisoned meat has been used for centuries to kill animals like wolves30 and birds of prey.31 Poisoned click now carcasses nevertheless kill a wide range of carrion feeders, not only the targeted species.30 Raptors in Israel were nearly wiped out following a period of intense poisoning of rats and other crop pests.32.

Fumigation is the treatment of a structure to kill pests like wood-boring beetles by sealing it surrounding it with an airtight cover like a tent, and fogging with liquid insecticide for an extended period, typically of 2472 hours. This is expensive and inconvenient as the structure cannot be used during the treatment, but it targets all life phases of pests.33.

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An alternative, distance treatment, is fogging or misting to distribute a liquid insecticide in the atmosphere within a building without evacuation or airtight sealing, allowing most operate within the building to continue, at the price of reduced penetration. Contact insecticides are generally used to minimise long lasting residual effects.33

Populations of insect insects can at times be dramatically reduced by the release of sterile individuals. This involves the mass rearing of a pest, sterilising it by means of X-rays or some other means, and releasing it into a wild population. It is very useful where a female only mates once and in which the insect does not spread widely.34 This technique has been successfully used against the New World screw-worm fly, some species of tsetse fly, tropical fruit flies, the pink bollworm and the codling moth, among others.35.